Bioplastics: A Potential Solution to the Plastic Pollution Crisis

At CJ Biomaterials in Woburn, Massachusetts, small pellets are undergoing transformation into eco-friendly products like forks and films that do not contribute to microplastic pollution. These bioplastic pellets are derived from sugar fermentation, resulting in plant-based polymers that microorganisms can consume. Such alternatives to traditional fossil fuel-based plastics are viewed as potential solutions to the growing issue of plastic pollution.

The Process and Products

In CJ Biomaterials’ research facility, lab technicians mold pellets into compostable forks. While some forks are not yet sturdy enough for tasks like cutting steaks, other batches resemble standard plastic cutlery in rigidity. They also produce flexible films for packaging, similar to those used for baby carrots, that maintain strength without the stretch of traditional cling wrap. These biopolymers aim to replicate conventional plastic qualities while being suitable for composting instead of ending in landfills.

“Compostability has always been a strong driver, but understanding microplastics will change how materials are perceived,”

states Leah Ford, the company’s marketing director. With concerns about microplastics rising, interest in bioplastic solutions grows. Traditional plastics fragment into harmful microplastics, found in oceans, air, food, water, and even human tissues.

Advantages of Bioplastics

Bioplastics, being biobased and biodegradable, originate entirely or partially from renewable resources like corn or sugar cane. The polymers at CJ Biomaterials, known as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), are biodegradable in marine and soil environments. The company strives to replace single-use conventional plastics that are non-recyclable when mixed with food waste—a significant contributor to methane emissions in landfills.

Products from this Massachusetts lab include compostable cutlery, cups, straws, and containers. These items remain shelf-stable until exposed to decomposing conditions. This includes scenarios where compostable products, like a container with food scraps, are sent to composters rather than landfills.

Challenges and Market Trends

Despite the benefits, bioplastics face obstacles like higher production costs compared to conventional plastics. Limited municipal composting programs further complicate disposal. Some composting facilities decline bioplastics fearing soil degradation. Misidentification and mixing with traditional plastics present additional challenges.

Globally, bioplastics account for about 0.5% of over 400 million metric tons of annual plastic production, with forecasts suggesting a doubled output by 2030. Market interest in bioplastics sees growth among sports stadiums and major food chains experimenting with biobased packaging. The potential for reducing dependency on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change further piques interest in bioplastics.

Research and Environmental Benefits

Research by the 5 Gyres Institute shows biodegradability of materials in varied environments, contrasting with the persistence of conventional plastic products. Biodegradable options, especially for packaging, are recommended to prevent the proliferation of micro- and nanoplastics. The ongoing investigation into end-of-life scenarios aims to inform future bioplastic applications. With rising ecological concerns, bioplastics present a promising avenue for reducing environmental impact.